The history of the public loo.
We take public toilets for granted today yet for the majority of British history they didn't exist!
The first public flushing toilet was invented and created by a plumber named George Jennings, and showcased at the Great Exhibition in 1851. People were enthralled by this amazing contraption and it proved so popular that the first public loos, called 'Public Waiting Rooms' were opened the following year. There was a huge public desire for better sanitation to prevent the spread of diseases like cholera.
In Victorian Britain, the first public toilets were designed for men only. No-one gave much thought to women. For the most part women were considered to be their husband's property, and their place was in the home. Although many working-class women did work outside the home, most middle-class women did not, and neither were they expected to travel much. If they did want or need to travel, women from polite society had to plan their route carefully to include areas where they could relieve themselves. This meant that for the most part women travelled only to see family and friends, within the distance their bladders allowed.
The fledgling feminist movement felt keenly that a lack of access to toilets was a barrier to women accessing public spaces. This led to the formation of the Ladies Sanitary Association, which campaigned from the 1850s onwards, fairly successfully, and succeeded in getting more public toilets built for females, though the numbers fell far short of those required. Other campaigns for more female toilets were opposed vehemently by men, who either did not want the facilities located in the same place as their own toilets or didn't want them anywhere where they might be visible to men. Society was coyer in the 19th Century and bodily functions, particularly female bodily functions were considered taboo. There were even cases of female public toilets being sabotaged by men!
The First World War saw women entering the work force in huge numbers for the first time, as they entered munition factories to help with the war effort. These factories were traditionally dominated by males so had very little in the way of female facilities. But now women had the numbers to begin to campaign for female changing rooms and toilets. Many employers resisted though and there was nothing in law at the time to force their hand because there were only limited protections for workers of either sex.
It actually took until 1992 before legislation was passed to dictate that men and women in a workplace must have separate toilet facilities where possible:
"Employers should arrange for separate facilities for men and women. If this isn’t possible, toilets and washing facilities must have locks. These ensure privacy and security.” (The Health and Safety Executive (HSE))
So next time you spend a penny at the train station or shopping centre, spare a thought for your poor ancestors whose only options were to cross their legs and think dry thoughts!
By Tracey Anderson